Gemma-SEA-LION-v3-9B

SEA-LION is a collection of Large Language Models (LLMs) which have been pretrained and instruct-tuned for the Southeast Asia (SEA) region.

Gemma-SEA-LION-v3-9B is a multilingual model which has undergone continued pre-training on approximately 200B tokens across the 11 official Southeast Asian languages: English, Chinese, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Thai, Tamil, Filipino, Malay, Khmer, Lao, Burmese.

SEA-LION stands for Southeast Asian Languages In One Network.

• Developed by: Products Pillar, AI Singapore
• Funded by: Singapore NRF
• Model type: Decoder
• Languages supported: Burmese, Chinese, English, Filipino, Indonesia, Khmer, Lao, Malay, Tamil, Thai, Vietnamese
• License: Gemma Community License

Model Details

Model Description

We performed continued pre-training in English and ASEAN languages on Gemma-2-9B, a decoder model using the Gemma 2 architecture, to create Gemma-SEA-LION-v3-9B.

For tokenisation, the model employs the default tokenizer used in Gemma 2 9B.

Benchmark Performance

We evaluated Gemma-SEA-LION-v3-9B on general language capabilities.

General Language Capabilities

For the evaluation of general language capabilities, we employed the SEA-HELM evaluation benchmark across a variety of tasks. These tasks include Question Answering (QA), Sentiment Analysis (Sentiment), Toxicity Detection (Toxicity), Translation in both directions (Eng>Lang & Lang>Eng), Abstractive Summarization (Summ), Causal Reasoning (Causal) and Natural Language Inference (NLI).

Note: SEA HELM is implemented using prompts to elicit answers in a strict format. For all tasks, the model is expected to provide an answer tag from which the answer is automatically extracted. For tasks where options are provided, the answer should comprise one of the pre-defined options. The scores for each task is normalised to account for baseline performance due to random chance.

The evaluation was done five-shot with native prompts on a sample of 100-1000 instances for each dataset.

For more details on Gemma-SEA-LION-v3-9B benchmark performance, please refer to the SEA HELM leaderboard, https://leaderboard.sea-lion.ai/

Technical Specifications

Infrastructure

Gemma-SEA-LION-v3-9B was trained using MosaicML Composer on the following hardware:

Configuration

Data

Gemma-SEA-LION-v3-9B was continued pre-trained on 200B tokens of the following data:

Note: - All token counts are counted using Gemma 2 9B tokenizer - SEA-LION Pile v1 is processed from Common Crawl WET, which is published here. The cutoff date of this version is September 2020. - SEA-LION Pile v2 is processed from Common Crawl WARC from October 2020 to April 2024. - Tamil news is sourced with permission from Seithi

Lineage & Versioning

The training counts and dataset mixture details reported in this model card reflect the exact constructed training pool consumed during this specific model run. Figures may differ slightly from public dataset releases, which represent downloadable open-source subsets of the broader corpus.

This model card serves as an immutable record of the final released checkpoint. Consequently, the hardware specifications, compute hours, and precise dataset volumes (such as final filtered instruction counts) reported here reflect the exact production run used to generate this specific artifact. These figures may differ from the aggregate totals, pre-filtered data pools, or preliminary experimental runs (e.g., initial H100 benchmarks) documented in our accompanying research papers.

Call for Contributions

We encourage researchers, developers, and language enthusiasts to actively contribute to the enhancement and expansion of SEA-LION. Contributions can involve identifying and reporting bugs, sharing pre-training, instruction, and preference data, improving documentation usability, proposing and implementing new model evaluation tasks and metrics, or training versions of the model in additional Southeast Asian languages. Join us in shaping the future of SEA-LION by sharing your expertise and insights to make these models more accessible, accurate, and versatile. Please check out our GitHub for further information on the call for contributions.

The Team

Chan Adwin, Cheng Nicholas, Choa Esther, Huang Yuli, Hulagadri Adithya Venkatadri, Lau Wayne, Lee Chwan Ren, Leong Wai Yi, Leong Wei Qi, Limkonchotiwat Peerat, Liu Bing Jie Darius, Montalan Jann Railey, Ng Boon Cheong Raymond, Ngui Jian Gang, Nguyen Thanh Ngan, Ong Brandon, Ong Tat-Wee David, Ong Zhi Hao, Rengarajan Hamsawardhini, Siow Bryan, Susanto Yosephine, Tai Ngee Chia, Tan Choon Meng, Teng Walter, Teo Eng Sipp Leslie, Teo Wei Yi, Tjhi William, Yeo Yeow Tong, Yong Xianbin

Acknowledgements

AI Singapore is a national programme supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore and hosted by the National University of Singapore. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the views of the National Research Foundation or the National University of Singapore.

Contact

For more info, please contact us using this SEA-LION Inquiry Form.

Link to SEA-LION's GitHub repository.

Disclaimer

This is the repository for the commercial instruction-tuned model. The model has not been aligned for safety. Developers and users should perform their own safety fine-tuning and related security measures. In no event shall the authors be held liable for any claims, damages, or other liabilities arising from the use of the released weights and codes.

References

Thai Pre-Training Data Reference

@misc{lowphansirikul2021wangchanberta,
    title={WangchanBERTa: Pretraining transformer-based Thai Language Models},
    author={Lalita Lowphansirikul and Charin Polpanumas and Nawat Jantrakulchai and Sarana Nutanong},
    year={2021},
    eprint={2101.09635},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}